EconomicsT1Strongly SupportedIbn Khaldun, Muqaddimah + modern waqf studies
The waqf (endowment) model provides sustainable public infrastructure
Historical waqf institutions funded mosques, hospitals, schools, and water systems across the Islamic world for centuries. The Ottoman waqf system at its peak managed approximately 1/3 of all cultivatable land. Modern scholars argue for reviving waqf as a complement to taxation-based public goods provision.